Appendix

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EngagementManager :: wxWindow

SInterUnit

Abstract extensible struct.

(contains pointer to InterUnit specific extension struct)

wxDC

(frame-buffer drawer)

:DrawText

:DrawLine, DrawArc, DrawRect, :DrawCircle

:DrawBitmap

--- x --- x ---

:GetScreenSize

--- x --- x ---

wxPaintEvent

wxKeyEvent

wxMouseEvent

wxWindow:Refresh (full or partial)

A Hexagonal grid is like an extended virtual protractor

(the instrument used to measure angles).

The use of a hexagonal-grid helps choose or specify angles in a design process.  

It is easy to make small rotations in 3D on a hex-grid.

In a Cartesian grid based system this is done through numerical (degree) input.

A solid object is visualized on a display-screen by creating a 3D model using an app

and rendering the 3D model to the 2D screen.

The modeling is done at a very low level to make the rendering process efficient. 

A classic 3D modeling and rendering pipeline, has a modeling component and a rendering component.

1. Modeling:

Any 3D object is described as a connected set of 3D surfaces,.

A 3D surface is represented as a set of 3D triangle (location and orientation) units.

Camera viewing parameters are specified.

The oriented 3D triangle is associated with a corresponding 2D triangle on a 2D image called a texture.

Lighting conditions are specified with one or more light sources.

3D model-editing tools are available to create an oriented 3D triangle-mesh representation of any 3D object.

Examples are Maya and 3D Studio Max.

2. Rendering

All rendering is done by a dedicated GPU that is included in an SOC (in addition to a CPU)

or by an externally connected GPU.

Rendering is done, broadly speaking in one of two ways:

a) Texture-mapping

The oriented 3D triangle is mapped to a planar 2D triangle based on camera parameters.

A corresponding triangle in its associated texture is mapped onto this planar 2D triangle.

Lighting-conditions control the final display of each planar 2D triangle.

The display of these planar 2D triangles is ordered, either using a (hardware) Z-plane buffer

that orders the planar 2D triangles on a pixel py pixel basis based on their correspding Z-coordinates,

or by ordering the triangles first and then sequencing the rending operation.

b) Ray-tracing

Ray-tracing, starts with the same model, including a 2D texture

associated with an oriented 3D triangle.

Instead, of texture mapping and illumination control, 

it traces the path of each light-ray from each-lighting source from the source to the camera

after multiple reflections from oriented 3D triangles in the scene and their associated surface textures.

This is more realistic model of a physical obejct, but far more computationally expensive.

GPU advancements mainly target better ray-tracing efficiency.

Autodesk Alias is used to design innovative products and communicate ideas in a visual medium from 2D sketch to 3D form, and from conceptual models to production-level data.

$5510 USD / Year

We focus on the design of metal-based structures.

Industrial design involves 

• A choice of materials
• Knowledge of available machining techniques
• Method to create joints and other connections using fasteners
• Some ergonomic design and designing for longevity 
• 
  
• Design process Development 

Design process Development

A design process has to be developed for any industrial design

 using locally or easily accessible resources 

such as materials and machining services. 

This helps save time.

For example, to design some aspects of a land-vehicle, 

you could study some design parameters of an existing, 

identify possible design changes, 

and modify an existing land-vehicle unit to test these modifications.

This is an iterative process. 

Computer aids in the industrial design process

A computer based tool can assist this process

 with a precise design specification 

that makes it easy to communicate these design changes.

Other computer aids in the process:

• Design for manufacturing (DFM) 

Incorporate rules specified by a manufacturing process into the design process.

• Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

CNC machines or computer controller milling machines

3D printing.

Land-vehicle design specification
How do you describe the design of a wheel-barrow? a bicycle? a motorcycle? a car?

A wheel-barrow design example

A wheelbarrow is easy to describe. Its construction is simple. 

2 wheels, a container. 2 handles to push the wheelbarrow.

Then if you want someone to build you that roughly described design, 

you have to get into details and that is a process of specification. 

The wheels have to roll around an axle. 

The axle has to be attached to the container. 

The handles have to be attached to the container. 

(This is structural specification). 

Then you have to choose the width and diameter of the axle. 

The material to be used (solid steel, heavy gauge iron pipe etc). 

Then you have to specify the wheel geometry and Its hub characteristics. 

(This is still all structural specification). 

Then there is construction-process specification. 

How the axle will fit through the hub.

How the wheel will be prevented from moving across the axle. 

How friction at the wheel-hub axle interface will be handled.

How the container frame will be attached to the chassis

(which is likely made of flat or angled iron strips)

to the circular cross-section axle. 

Similarly, how the handles will be attached to the container, 

their choice of material (e.g. wooden holding sections attached to iron angled strips).

This could still be called structural specification 

but relates more to the construction-processes involved

(and less to the resulting structural form).

Surface Materials

Then you might specify surface materials

and how they are to be affixed to the (metal) frame. 

Such as rubber coatings for the wooden handles. 

The material to be used for the bed of the container and the one for the side walls.

Tolerances

Then you might specify tolerances. 

If there are threads cut onto the outer surface of the axle, 

how closely should they be spaced 

(which effects the ease of tightening or loosening the nuts),

e.g.  (1mm, 1.5mm 2mm) per turn. 

How well do you ensure the axle is perpendicular to both handles. 

How wide apart are the handles, what is their length?

Both factors effect how easy the wheelbarrow will be to turn.

Summary

Approximately, the process of specifying a design involves 

describing the final structure and how it will be built.

 Structural specification and Construction-process specification.

Observation

Design and construction/production are related to each other

in the following way: 

The ability of the designer to predict the produce-ability of a design

improves over time. 

Once this ability is good enough, design iterations are efficient. 

So the process of design becomes more efficient over time.

The Specifier will also be implemented on a low-power portable desktop platform

based on an iPhone 15 Pro or a Samsung S25.

It will connect to an external display-screen, 

use the smartphone for its SOC and for it's touch-screen 

and a physical keyboard and mouse as additional input devices.

For example:
HP G14 E4 portable monitor (14" FHD) 

Apple keyboard with Numeric-keypad.

iPhone 15 Pro or Samsung S25 with a specially designed cradle.